Democracy Lighthouse Digest #9 (MENA Special)

Introducing a Toda Peace Institute series “An Eye on Arab Democratisation.” Since this series was prepared, the war launched by the U.S. and Israel has added a new layer of uncertainty across the region. While the chapters do not address these recent developments, the deeper dynamics they analyse – state fragility, constrained political space, regional rivalries, and the erosion of accountable governance – remain important in understanding democracy in the region. In this sense, the background provided here is not superseded by current events; it is more essential than ever for understanding them.